Photodegradation of polystyrene containing flame retardants: Effect of chemical structure of the additives on the efficiency of degradation

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 1293-1300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayako Torikai ◽  
Takahiro Kobatake ◽  
Fumio Okisaki
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Flame Retardants

scholarly journals The production of flame retardant paper with DOPO

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hatice Birtane ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Flame Retardant Property ◽  
Paper Coatings ◽  
Coated Papers ◽  
Charring Agent ◽  
Coating Formulation ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

Flame retardant property to paper increases the use of paper and the value of paper products. The flame retardant property was achieved by the addition of an organophosphorus agent to the paper. A great deal of research has been done on 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivatives as flame retardants. To apply the flame retardant property in condensed phase, DOPO derivative materials are generally used as an acid source for intumescent flame retardants to promote dehydration and carbonization of the charring agent to form a continuous layer of carbon. In this study, In order to prepare a flame retardant paper coating, DOPO derivative was synthesized with 3-aminophenyl sulfone, and benzaldehyde reaction and the chemical structure of DOPO is illuminated by ATR-FTIR then paper was coating with a flame retardant coating formulation ingredient with DOPO. The paper’s properties were investigated. Surface energy of coated papers and contact angles were determined with goniometer. Printability parameters such as color, gloss, surface tension were examined. The results the study DOPO added paper coatings improve the paper flame retardancy.

scholarly journals Study of Chemical Structure and Dielectric Loss Tangent of Flame Retardants

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 485-489
Author(s):  
Satoru AMOU ◽  
Akira NAGAI ◽  
Akio TAKAHASHI ◽  
Yoshihiro NAKAMURA
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Loss ◽  
Loss Tangent ◽  
Dielectric Loss Tangent ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Flame Retardants

scholarly journals Aromatic vs. Aliphatic Hyperbranched Polyphosphoesters as Flame Retardants in Epoxy Resins

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (21) ◽  
pp. 3901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markwart ◽  
Battig ◽  
Velencoso ◽  
Pollok ◽  
Schartel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Complex Shape ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Decomposition Pathway ◽  
Halogen Free ◽  
Phase Activity

The current trend for future flame retardants (FRs) goes to novel efficient halogen-free materials, due to the ban of several halogenated FRs. Among the most promising alternatives are phosphorus-based FRs, and of those, polymeric materials with complex shape have been recently reported. Herein, we present novel halogen-free aromatic and aliphatic hyperbranched polyphosphoesters (hbPPEs), which were synthesized by olefin metathesis polymerization and investigated them as a FR in epoxy resins. We compare their efficiency (aliphatic vs. aromatic) and further assess the differences between the monomeric compounds and the hbPPEs. The decomposition and vaporizing behavior of a compound is an important factor in its flame-retardant behavior, but also the interaction with the pyrolyzing matrix has a significant influence on the performance. Therefore, the challenge in designing a FR is to optimize the chemical structure and its decomposition pathway to the matrix, with regards to time and temperature. This behavior becomes obvious in this study, and explains the superior gas phase activity of the aliphatic FRs.

scholarly journals Suitability and Modification of Different Renewable Materials as Feedstock for Sustainable Flame Retardants

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 5122
Author(s):  
Stefan Gebke ◽  
Katrin Thümmler ◽  
Rodolphe Sonnier ◽  
Sören Tech ◽  
Andre Wagenführ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Wheat Protein ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Phosphate Salts ◽  
Unmodified Wood

Due to their chemical structure, conventional flame retardants are often toxic, barely biodegradable and consequently neither healthy nor environmentally friendly. Their use is therefore increasingly limited by regulations. For this reason, research on innovative flame retardants based on sustainable materials is the main focus of this work. Wheat starch, wheat protein, xylan and tannin were modified with phosphate salts in molten urea. The functionalization leads to the incorporation of phosphates (up to 48 wt.%) and nitrogen (up to 22 wt.%). The derivatives were applied on wood fibers and tested as flame retardants. The results indicate that these modified biopolymers can provide the same flame-retardant performances as commercial compounds currently used in the wood fiber industry. Besides, the flame retardancy smoldering effects may also be reduced compared to unmodified wood fibers depending on the used biopolymer. These results show that different biopolymers modified in phosphate/urea systems are a serious alternative to conventional flame retardants.

scholarly journals Improving the Flame Retardance of Polyisocyanurate Foams by Dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-Oxide-Containing Additives

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenz ◽  
Pospiech ◽  
Paven ◽  
Albach ◽  
Günther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Oxidation State ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Flame Retardance ◽  
Fire Properties

A series of new flame retardants (FR) based on dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide (BPPO) incorporating acrylates and benzoquinone were developed previously. In this study, we examine the fire behavior of the new flame retardants in polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams. The foam characteristics, thermal decomposition, and fire behavior are investigated. The fire properties of the foams containing BPPO-based derivatives were found to depend on the chemical structure of the substituents. We also compare our results to state-of-the-art non-halogenated FR such as triphenylphosphate and chemically similar phosphinate, i.e. 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10- phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), based derivatives to discuss the role of the phosphorus oxidation state.

scholarly journals Novel Cast Polyurethanes Obtained by Using Reactive Phosphorus-Containing Polyol: Synthesis, Thermal Analysis and Combustion Behaviors

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2699
Author(s):  
Izabela Zagożdżon ◽  
Paulina Parcheta ◽  
Janusz Datta
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Polyol Synthesis ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Heat And Mass Exchange ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Combustion Tests

Phosphorus-containing polyol applications in polyurethane synthesis can prevent volatilization of flame retardants and their migration on the surface of a material. In this work, novel cast polyurethanes were prepared by a one-step method with the use of different amounts of phosphorus-containing polyol, 4,4′–diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol. The chemical structure, thermal, physicochemical and mechanical properties and flame resistance of the prepared materials were investigated. The results obtained for cast flame-retarded polyurethanes were compared with cast polyurethane synthesized with commonly known polyether polyol. It has been shown that with an increasing amount of phosphorus content to polyurethane’s chemical structure, an increased flame resistance and char yield were found during combustion tests. Phosphorus polyol worked in both the condensed (reduced heat and mass exchange) and gas phase (inhibition of flame propagation during burning). The obtained materials contained phosphorus polyol, indicating higher thermal stability in an oxidative environment than an inert atmosphere.

A Review of Phosphorus- Containing Flame Retardants

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 353-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Green
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Red Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Trade Names ◽  
Inorganic Phosphates

Phosphorus-containing flame retardants include red phosphorus, inorganic phosphates, organophosphorus compounds and chlorophosphorus compounds. These are reviewed showing chemical structure and major applica tions. U.S., Western Europe and Japanese producers are given along with their trade names. Intumescent phosphorus systems and compounds are discussed.

Inelastic Electron-Matter Interactions

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-267
Author(s):  
J. Silcox
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Inelastic Electron ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Unique Probe ◽  
Introductory Paper ◽  
Elastic Processes ◽  
Experimental Level ◽  
Inelastic Processes

In this introductory paper, my primary concern will be in identifying and outlining the various types of inelastic processes resulting from the interaction of electrons with matter. Elastic processes are understood reasonably well at the present experimental level and can be regarded as giving information on spatial arrangements. We need not consider them here. Inelastic processes do contain information of considerable value which reflect the electronic and chemical structure of the sample. In combination with the spatial resolution of the electron microscope, a unique probe of materials is finally emerging (Hillier 1943, Watanabe 1955, Castaing and Henri 1962, Crewe 1966, Wittry, Ferrier and Cosslett 1969, Isaacson and Johnson 1975, Egerton, Rossouw and Whelan 1976, Kokubo and Iwatsuki 1976, Colliex, Cosslett, Leapman and Trebbia 1977). We first review some scattering terminology by way of background and to identify some of the more interesting and significant features of energy loss electrons and then go on to discuss examples of studies of the type of phenomena encountered. Finally we will comment on some of the experimental factors encountered.

Chemical structure of diamond-like carbon thin films

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-711
Author(s):  
N.-H. Cho ◽  
K.M. Krishnan ◽  
D.B. Bogy
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Diamond Like Carbon ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Sputtering Power ◽  
Data Aquisition ◽  
Equilibrium Phases ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
Power Densities ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films have attracted much attention due to their useful properties and applications. These properties are quite variable depending on film preparation techniques and conditions, DLC is a metastable state formed from highly non-equilibrium phases during the condensation of ionized particles. The nature of the films is therefore strongly dependent on their particular chemical structures. In this study, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) was used to investigate how the chemical bonding configurations of DLC films vary as a function of sputtering power densities. The electrical resistivity of the films was determined, and related to their chemical structure.DLC films with a thickness of about 300Å were prepared at 0.1, 1.1, 2.1, and 10.0 watts/cm2, respectively, on NaCl substrates by d.c. magnetron sputtering. EEL spectra were obtained from diamond, graphite, and the films using a JEOL 200 CX electron microscope operating at 200 kV. A Gatan parallel EEL spectrometer and a Kevex data aquisition system were used to analyze the energy distribution of transmitted electrons. The electrical resistivity of the films was measured by the four point probe method.

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